陆地棉自然群体纤维强度性状的全基因组关联分析

纤维强度是衡量棉花纤维品质的重要指标之一。了解棉纤维强度形成的遗传基础对棉花纤维品质的遗传改良具有重要的指导意义。本研究利用83份纤维强度差异显著的陆地棉材料，采用广义线性模型（General linear model, GLM），对5个环境的纤维强度及最佳线性无偏估计值（Best linear unbiased prediction，BLUP）进行全基因组关联分析（Genome-wide association study，GWAS）。结果表明，各环境纤维强度基本符合正态分布，且存在丰富的变异，变异系数为5.55%～8.44%，广义遗传力达到88.67%。GWAS共检测到19个稳定的显著关联SNP位点，分布在A01、A06、D05、D08、D10、D11和D13等7条染色体上，合并为9个数量性状位点（Quantitative trait locus， QTL）区间，其中4个QTL区间与前人定位的QTL区间重叠，其它5个QTL区间是本研究新发现的控制纤维强度性状的稳定位点。根据区间内基因的表达模式及功能注释，共筛选出4个可能与纤维强度相关的候选基因。本研究通过对棉花纤维强度进行全基因组关联分析，为棉花纤维品质性状的分子遗传改良奠定了基础。     

Establishment and application of an accurate identification method for fragrant soybeans

In order to screen the aroma characteristics of soybean,a new method was established which can quickly quantify the content of 2-acetyl-1pyrroline (2-AP),an important compound related to soybean aroma,using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Based on peak profile,total peak area and retention time as test indexes,an accurate identification method for fragrant soybeans was established.The optimum parameters of the protocol consisted of column temperature70°C,sample injector temperature 180°C,optimum extraction alcohol content 1 m L,Na Cl content 0.1 g,ultrasonication time10 min,and extraction time 1 h,which were established by using the orthogonal test of single factors and three factors with four levels (L_9(3)~4).2-AP content of leaves had significant correlations with seeds,which were easier to measure.The protocol was simple and easy to carry out,consumed only small amounts of reagents,and provided accurate and reliable results with good reproducibility.A total of 101 soybean genotypes from different geographical sources were analyzed using this protocol.The results showed that the average content of 2-AP was 0.29 mg L~(–1),ranging from 0.094 to 1.816 mg L~(–1),and the genetic diversity index was 0.54.Among all genotypes-tested,they were classified into three grades,including seven elite genotypes identified as"grade one fragrant soybeans",which were Zhonglong 608,Heinong 88,Ha13-2958,Hongmiandou,Heinong 82,Huangmaodou,and Jiyu 21.These results provide both an identification technique and several elite aroma genotypes for gene discovery and good quality breeding in soybean.     

锡林郭勒盟生态系统格局演变及驱动因素分析

在自然因素和人类活动的共同作用下，生态系统格局和质量都发生变化，而生态系统格局和质量的变化直接影响生态系统服务和人类福祉。锡林郭勒盟位于内蒙古中部地区，是京津冀地区的重要生态安全屏障，也是主要的畜产品供应地，研究锡林郭勒盟生态格局演变及驱动因素对于构建内蒙古北方生态安全屏障有重要意义。本研究利用遥感影像，通过分析2000和2015年生态系统类型和质量的变化，探讨资源开发、城市化发展、政策实施等多重因素对生态系统格局演变的作用。研究结果表明： 2000-2015年间锡林郭勒盟生态系统质量整体好转，草地生态系统质量中东部地区提高最为明显；草地、灌丛、城镇、裸地、湿地、森林、矿区面积有所增加，农田、沙地、水域面积有所减少；锡林郭勒盟生态系统格局和质量受到人为和自然因素的共同影响，其中，与降水正相关，与温度负相关。GDP与采矿用地显著正相关，退耕还草政策促使农田向草原转移。     

甜菜BvGSTU9基因的生物信息学及在镉胁迫下的表达分析

为了进一步研究甜菜谷胱甘肽转移酶BvGSTU9 (LOC104894060)在重金属胁迫过程中的功能。本研究以‘780016B/12优’为实验材料,对该基因序列特征、结构、功能进行预测分析,并利用qPCR检测该基因在不同浓度镉胁迫下的表达量变化。结果显示甜菜BvGSTU9基因全长925 bp,开放阅读框675 bp,编码了由224个氨基酸组成的不稳定膜外蛋白。BvGSTU9与菠菜、藜麦的氨基酸序列相似性较高,与系统发育进化树分析结果基本相符。二级和三级结构预测表明该基因主要由α-螺旋、β-折叠、延伸链及无规则卷曲组成。qPCR显示BvGSTU9基因在不同浓度的镉胁迫下均受到不同程度的诱导,因此可以推断甜菜BvGSTU9基因无论从结构还是功能上,与镉逆境胁迫存在着一定的应答关系。研究结果也为甜菜耐重金属镉机制研究提供参考依据。     

Identifying and Characterizing a Novel Peritrophic Matrix Protein (MdPM-17) Associated With Antibacterial Response From the Housefly,Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

Peritrophic matrix/membrane (PM) critically prevents the midgut of insects from external invasion by microbes. The proteins in the peritrophic membrane are its major structural components. Additionally, they determine the formation and function of this membrane. However, the role of PM proteins in immune regulation is unclear. Herein, we isolated a novel PM protein (MdPM-17) from Musca domestica larvae. Further, the function of MdPM-17 in regulating host innate immunity was identified. Results showed that the cDNA of MdPM-17 full is 635 bp in length. Moreover, it consists of a 477-bp open reading frame encoding 158 amino acid residues. These amino acid residues are composed of two Chitin-binding type-2 domain (ChtBD2) and 19 amino acids as a signal peptide. Moreover, tissue distribution analysis indicates that MdPM-17 was enriched expressed in midgut, and moderate levels in the fat body, foregut, and malpighian tubule. Notably, MdPM-17 recombinant protein showed high chitin-binding capacity, thus belongs to the Class III PM protein group. MdPM-17 protein silencing via RNA interference resulted in the expression of antimicrobial peptide (defensin, cecropins, and diptericin) genes, and this occurred after oral inoculation with exogenous microbes Escherichia coli (Enterobacteriales:Enterobacteriaceae), Staphylococcus aureus (Bacillales:Staphylococcaceae), and Candida albicans (Endomycetales:Saccharomycetaceae)). Therefore, all the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene expression levels are high in MdPM-17-depleted larvae during microbial infection compared to controls. Consequently, these findings indicate that MdPM-17 protein is associated with the antibacterial response from the housefly.     

Napin启动子特异性表达油菜BnGPAT9基因

甘油三磷酸酰基转移酶(GPAT)基因编码参与植物油脂生物合成的酶。为了提高油菜籽含油量,促进油菜增产增油,改善菜籽油脂肪酸组分,克隆甘蓝型油菜Napin启动子与三酰甘油合成相关基因BnGPAT9,构建pBI121-Napin-BnGPAT9植物过表达载体,利用农杆菌介导法转化拟南芥,采用气相色谱法分析种子中脂肪酸组分,通过索式抽提法测定种子中油脂含量,研究在种子中过表达BnGPAT9基因对种子油脂合成的影响。Napin启动子在线分析表明,克隆到的启动子具有大量TATA-box、CAAT-box以及ABRE、GCN4等特征元件,完全具备种子特异性表达功能;种子中脂肪酸组分分析显示,拟南芥种子中油酸(C18∶1)含量提高0.70～1.01百分点,亚油酸(C18∶2)和芥酸(C22∶1)含量降低;拟南芥种子含油量测定结果显示,种子中含油量显著增加1.91～2.56百分点。综上,甘蓝型油菜BnGPAT9基因对植物油脂合成具有重要作用,利用Napin启动子在拟南芥种子中过表达BnGPAT9基因可提高种子含油量并改善脂肪酸组成成分,为BnGPAT9基因应用于油菜油脂改良方面打下一定基础。     

2个与HSP70基因连锁的微卫星座位与牛运输应激性状的关联分析

试验探讨了2个与HSP70基因连锁的微卫星座位与牛运输应激性状的关联分析。选择120头12月龄、体重250 kg左右的健康西门塔尔杂种肉牛进行运输应激试验，并根据牛基因组遗传图谱，选择23号染色体上与HSP70基因连锁的微卫星座位BMS468和BM1258检测其在西门塔尔杂种肉牛样本群体中的多态性，采用最小二乘拟合一般线性模型分析微卫星座位与运输应激性状部分指标之间的关联效应。结果显示：微卫星座位BMS468共检测到5个等位基因（128、134、140、146、154 bp），优势等位基因为128和134 bp，有效等位基因数（Ne）、多态信息含量（PIC）和遗传杂合度（He）分别为3.66、0.68和0.73，遗传多态性较高，关联分析显示与运输后7 d平均日增重和发病率显著相关，其中128/128 bp基因型个体的运输后7 d平均日增重最大（P < 0.05），134/128 bp基因型个体的发病率最低（P < 0.05）；微卫星座位BM1258座位共检测到6个等位基因（99、101、103、113、117、119 bp），优势基因为101 bp，Ne、PIC和He分别为4.30、0.73和0.77，遗传多态性较丰富，关联分析显示，其与发病率显著相关，其中99/99 bp基因型个体的发病率最低（P < 0.05）。综上所述，2个微卫星座位可作为牛运输应激性状的潜在遗传标记，为开展牛抗运输应激性状的标记辅助选择提供科学依据。     

Predictive Modeling for Growth and Enterotoxin Production of Staphylococcus aureus in Milk

Predictive microbiology was utilized to model Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) growth and staphylococcal enterotoxin A(SEA) production in milk in this study. The modified logistic model, modified Gompertz model and Baranyi model were applied to model growth data of S. aureus between 15℃ and 37℃. Model comparisons indicated that Baranyi model described the growth data more accurately than two others with a mean square error of 0.0129. Growth rates generated from Baranyi model matched the observed ones with a bias factor of 0.999 and an accuracy factor of 1.01, and fit a square root model with respect to temperature; other two modified models both overestimated the observed ones. SEA amount began to be detected when the cell number reached 10~(6.4) cfu · mL~(-1), and showed the linear correlation with time. Besides, the rate of SEA production fitted an exponential relationship as a function of temperature. Predictions based on the study could be applied to indicate possible growth of S. aureus and prevent the occurrence of staphylococcal food poisoning.     

玉米自交系耐荫性鉴定与评价

以41个玉米自交系为材料,采用大田试验方法,在植株形态建成期设置15%遮荫和不遮荫两种处理方式,研究不同处理下玉米自交系植株形态、物质生产、产量等11个指标以及各指标耐荫系数的变化,并对自交系的耐荫性进行评价。结果表明,遮荫不仅会增加玉米自交系的株高和穗位高,延缓生育进程,而且会降低植株叶面积指数及叶绿素含量,最终影响玉米物质积累及产量的提升。进一步对各指标的耐荫性进行数学统计分析,表明茎干物质、叶面积指数和产量的耐荫系数可作为评价玉米自交系耐荫性指标。筛选出M173、豫82、DH382、618B、P6874、昌7-2、8612A、M753、ZY608、豫1122、PH6WC和M109高度耐荫型玉米自交系;ZY602、ZY606、658、HT60、ZY601、C70、外引-2、四-144、KW7M14、NS501和PH4CV是弱光敏感型玉米自交系。     

不同土壤处理对番茄根结线虫防治效果及产量的影响

为了建立安全、高效、绿色的蔬菜根结线虫防治技术,研究了"臭氧水+生物菌肥+噻唑膦""臭氧水+生物菌肥+阿维菌素""臭氧水+生物菌肥""生物菌肥+噻唑膦"及生物菌肥5种土壤处理对设施番茄根结线虫病的防治效果和产量的影响。结果表明:以臭氧水为基础组配的土壤处理防治根结线虫,对秋冬茬、冬春茬2茬番茄根结线虫病的防效均在90.0%及以上,对番茄产量的恢复或增加效果明显,其中"臭氧水+噻唑膦+生物菌肥"土壤处理对番茄根结线虫防治效果最好,"臭氧水+生物菌肥"土壤处理最为安全、经济,且防治效果较好,建议广大菜农积极应用。